The aqueous phase was extracted with 225 ml of CH2Cl2. In freshly harvested vanilla pods vanillin is binds with the -D-glycoside. Ethyl vanillin is the ethyl ether of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-ethoxybenzaldehyde ((CH3CH2O)(OH)C6H3CHO). It is the primary component of the vanilla bean. The production of vanillin is a very long and expensive process which involves large number of steps as well. Should never be stored in contact with iron. The results obtained from the IR spectrum of catechol were matched with the standards. During this process, the pods become dark brown, and enzymes in the pod release vanillin as the free molecule. The They were collected and dried into a vacuum oven at 85C for 24 h. The isolated lignin was kept over a desiccant before further oxidation. /Parent 2 0 R Then, for 12 weeks, the pods are alternately sunned and sweated: during the day they are laid out in the sun, and each night wrapped in cloth and packed in airtight boxes to sweat. [4], Although it is generally accepted that vanilla was domesticated in Mesoamerica and subsequently spread to the Old World in the 16th century, in 2019, researchers published a paper stating that vanillin residue had been discovered inside jars within a tomb in Israel dating to the 2nd millennium BCE, suggesting the cultivation of an unidentified, Old World-endemic Vanilla species in Canaan since the Middle Bronze Age. /Tabs /S It is a phenolic aldehyde. /MediaBox [0 0 595.3200073242 841.9199829102] [32], The demand for vanilla flavoring has long exceeded the supply of vanilla beans. /Resources 53 0 R A certain amount of Vanillin ex Eugenol is specifically requested by the flavor industry, or by flavor houses insisting upon a very natural Vanillin. It differs from vanillin by having an ethoxy group (OCH2CH3) instead of a methoxy group (OCH3). /MediaBox [0 0 595.3200073242 841.9199829102] Additionally, vanillin can be used as a general-purpose stain for visualizing spots on thin-layer chromatography plates. /Contents 51 0 R The results show that the solubility of ethyl vanillin increases with increasing >> Here you can choose which regional hub you wish to view, providing you with the most relevant information we have for your specific region. Using ferulic acid as an input and a specific non GMO species of Amycolatopsis bacteria, natural vanillin can be produced. https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/academic-and-educational-journals/vanillin, "Vanillin /Type /Page Madagascar is presently the largest producer of natural vanillin. Polymerization o, Lactose (Method: FCC) Melting Range: Between 81C to 83C. /Type /Page It is primarily used to flavor and preserve foods and as an ingredie, Polyurethanes are linear polymers that have a molecular backbone containing carbamate groups (-NHCO2). The solubility data of ethyl vanillin in binary solvents, including (propan-2-one + water), (methanol + water), (ethanol + water), and (propan-2-ol + water), were measured in the temperature range from 273.15 to 313.15 K by using a UV spectroscopy method. 13 0 obj For example: vanilla cells and organs and cells of Capsicum frutescens have been successfully cultured and found to accumulate vanillin and other metabolites. /Group 55 0 R However, the creamy effect of Vanillin in trace amounts in perfumes is rather typical. [47][48], A pseudophytodermatitis called vanilla lichen can be caused by tiny mites. Then after 5 min. << 18 0 obj Vanilla is obtained naturally from the seed pod of the tropical orchid Vanilla planifolia by a lengthy and expensive process. /MediaBox [0 0 595.3200073242 841.9199829102] Today vanillin is used in the preparation of many pharmaceutical preparations like Papaverine, Levodopa, Levomethyldopa and antimicrobial agent Trimethoprim and also for the production of herbicides and antifoaming agents. << /Count 13 /Type /Catalog /Length 69 0 R [36] The resulting vanillylmandelic acid (2) is then converted by 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglyoxylic acid (3) to vanillin (4) by oxidative decarboxylation.[14]. No plagiarism, guaranteed! /Contents 42 0 R Vanillin and ethylvanillin are used by the food industry; ethylvanillin is more expensive, but has a stronger note. Conclusion: The results obtained from the thin layer chromatography and spectrums obtained from the Infrared spectroscopy nearly matches with the standard values from the literatures. Essences are prepared by the direct extraction of the pods with aqueous ethanol or by diluting the concentrated extract. >> /Group 37 0 R endobj At lower concentrations, vanillin contributes to the flavor and aroma profiles of foodstuffs as diverse as olive oil,[18] butter,[19] raspberry,[20] and lychee[21] fruits. /Title (THE SYSTEM VANILLIN-WATER) Applications: Confectionery, beverages, ice cream, powdered drinks, fragrance, pharmaceuticals and other industries. [35], At present, the most significant of these is the two-step process practiced by Rhodia since the 1970s, in which guaiacol (1) reacts with glyoxylic acid by electrophilic aromatic substitution. This alcohol can be oxidized to yield Vanillin (and Acetaldehyde). Apache FOP Version 1.1 Webproduct by washing the solid product with water after it is collected by vacuum filtration. The sap of vanilla orchids contains calcium oxalate crystals, which are thought to be the main causative agent of contact dermatitis in vanilla plantation workers. In principle, it is the very first method commercially used. This coating is known as givre, which sometimes used as criterion for quality assessment.6, 3) During the fermentation process, vanillin is released from its non-volatile glucoside by the action of vanilla -glucosidase on vanillin glucoside.3 Vanillin alone is not present in the extract of V. Plantifolia, some related phenylpropanoid (C3-C6) compounds [mainly p-hydroxybenzaldehyde(8.6%), vanillic acid (4.3%), p-hydroxybenzyl methyl ether (0.9%) ] are also present which gives the unique flavour to natural vanilla.7,8,9, However, vanillin has also been found to be present in traces amount in plants like tobacco, fruits and fruit products like orange, grapefruit, and tangerine. 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde; 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde; vanillic aldehyde, Slightly soluble in water; soluble in glycerol, ethyl alcohol, ether, and acetone. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. endobj The acute toxicity of vanillin in animals exposed orally and by intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and intravenous injections indicates that it is absorbed by those routes. /Rotate 0 It is also found in Leptotes bicolor, a species of orchid native to Paraguay and southern Brazil,[17] and the Southern Chinese red pine. 94% of an oral dose of 100 mg/kg was excreted as urinary metabolites and unchanged vanillin within 48 hours of treatment.17, Vanillin is used as flavoring agent in the food industry, usually in chocolate and ice- cream industry. The product of this reaction, unlike natural vanilla and lignin vanilla, is a pure compound, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, pure vanillin. endobj Odor Profile Sweet, sugary, powdery, burned (phenolic), almonds, spicy. This can confirm that the product obtained was protocatechualdehyde. /CropBox [0 0 595.3200073242 841.9199829102] It is possible to smell a difference in the vanillins of different origins, but it is normally very difficult to taste a difference, provided the various samples are otherwise good quality. Vanillin is a phenolic aldehyde, which is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H8O3. endobj [14] It is also used in the flavor industry, as a very important key note for many different flavors, especially creamy profiles such as cream soda. [29] In the past p-hydroxybenzaldehyde was speculated to be a precursor for vanillin biosynthesis. /Resources 44 0 R It is a phenolic aldehyde. /StructParents 0 >> 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Spanish explorers brought the spice back to Europe, where it soon became very popular as a food additive and for the flavoring of foods. /Contents 48 0 R To prevent this degradation MX-1520 was prepared as a prodrug of vanillin which shows 30 times more bioavailability then vanillin.24, Vanillin can be synthesized by various methods. Due to its aromatic properties it is widely used in the air fresheners, perfumes, incense and candle.1, Vanillin is extracted from the vanilla beans but due to its low natural production and high demand it is prepared by various synthetic methods like chemical synthesis, enzymatic synthesis etc.1, Vanillin is a white crystalline powder which has a melting point about 820C. The yield of vanillin obtained was quite good. And this may be part of the reason why Vanillin is no longer the considerable hazard in a soap perfume as it was ten or twenty years ago. /Length 19 0 R Several methods are used for the authentication of vanillin extracts such as AOAC methods which apply GC, TLC and PC methods. It appears as white or creamy-white needle-like crystals and sublimes when heated. WebSOLUBILITIES Approximate Solubilities of USP and NF Articles Name and Volume, in mL, of Solvent Solute (1 g) Water Boiling Water Alcohol Chloroform Ether Other Acenocoumarol 67,000 280 130 1800 Acetaminophen 20 10 1 N sodium hydroxide, 15 Acetohexamide 230 210 Acetylcysteine 5 4 Acetyldigitoxin 6100 62.5 12 >10,000 Ammonium Alum 7 0.5 After precipitation was complete, the reaction was filtered to remove Al2O3. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. << endobj /Kids [6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R It was discovered that during fermentation vanillin is bioconverted into vanillyl alcohol and vanillic acid but it was found that neither of these metabolites were antagonist to yeast growth.21, Antitumor property of vanillin is proved by a study carried out by Lirdprapamongko et al on a mouse model shows that vanillin is a novel inhibitor of class 1 P13K enzymes, presence of an aldehyde group in the vanillin structure is important for the inhibition. It is therefore essential to control the quality of the vanillin extracts to declare them as authentic. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Equilibrium solubility of vanillin in some (ethanol+water) mixtures: determination, correlation, thermodynamics and preferential solvation, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117529. Vanillin is soluble in water and its solubility increases with increasing temperature. /Group 49 0 R They proposed a very complex process in which caffeic acid was first methylated at 4- position to iso-ferulic acid which was then further methylated at 3-position to produce 3,4- dimethoxycinnamic acid. It has a role as an EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite, an antidiarrhoeal drug, an antifungal agent, a HIV protease inhibitor and an animal metabolite. How do I install Adblock Plus on Internet Explorer 11? Copyright Steadyprintshop.com 2023 But some of this methods are time consuming and laborious. >> Solubility: Vanillin is soluble in cold water, diethtl ether, acetone and is very soluble in hot benzene, and petroleum ether. Vanillin is freely soluble in chloroform, carbon disulfide, glacial acetic acid, pyridine, oils, and in aqueous solutions of akali hydroxides. Is vanilla extract soluble in water? Chemical Compounds. /Resources 47 0 R The soap has been vastly improved, and so has Vanillin. WebIsovanillin is a member of the class of benzaldehydes that is 4-methoxybenzaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. 5.00 g of catechol was dissolved in aqueous NaOH (3.21g in 55.0 ml of water) in a beaker and to it 2.04 g of Aluminium oxide was added. /CropBox [0 0 595.3200073242 841.9199829102] Solubility values are correlated by the Jouyban-Acree model and other models. Lignin-based artificial vanilla flavoring is alleged to have a richer flavor profile than oil-based flavoring; the difference is due to the presence of acetovanillone, a minor component in the lignin-derived product that is not found in vanillin synthesized from guaiacol. fig. (Method: FCC) 3 0 obj Caffeic acid then undergoes methylation by caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) to give ferulic acid. Some people prefer a vanilla product that contains no, or almost no, alcohol. << Since it is so much less expensive to make, it has become one of the major forms of vanilla used by consumers. [8] In 1874, the German scientists Ferdinand Tiemann and Wilhelm Haarmann deduced its chemical structure, at the same time finding a synthesis for vanillin from coniferin, a glucoside of isoeugenol found in pine bark. By 1981, a single pulp and paper mill in Thorold, Ontario supplied 60% of the world market for synthetic vanillin. /StructParents 8 The solubility of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents namely water, ethanol, ethylene glycol (EG), ethyl acetate (EA), isopropanol (IPA), /StructParents 11 Copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. /Type /Page The method used in this research is High selectivity in the oxidation of Mandelic acid derivatives and in O-Methylation of Protocatechualdehyde. Lignin-based artificial vanilla flavoring is alleged to have a richer flavor profile than oil-based flavoring; the difference is due to the presence of acetovanillone, a minor component in the lignin-derived product that is not found in vanillin synthesized from guaiacol. The calculated value for vanillin nearly matches with that of standard. The solution was cleared by filtering through a paper filter.15, In 1876 Reimer-Tiemann method for the extraction of vanillin was used from guaiacol with an alkaline solution of chloroform.1. >> Yet vanillin is considered a more powerful odorant than coumarin. Ethyl Vanillin is three times stronger in potency than Vanillin, but it is slightly different with regard to the note. >> Encyclopedia.com. Vanillin is easier soluble in diluted alcohol than in concentrated alcohol. "Vanillin As natural vanillin contains more deuterium and carbon-13 as compared to synthetic vanillin, one way could be the determination of stable isotope ratio of vanillin by mass spectroscopy. [46] An allergic contact dermatitis called vanillism produces swelling and redness, and sometimes other symptoms. Vanillin is most prominent as the principal flavor and aroma compound in vanilla. This method for making artificial vanillin begins with catechol (C6H4(OH)2) or guaiacol (CH3OC6H4OH). /ModDate (D:20140626094939+02'00') Edited by Jeremy P. Tarcher. /Parent 2 0 R | Proudly powered by WordPress. While the fingerprint region for the step 1 product i.e. endobj stream The two forms of vanilla described earliernatural vanilla and lignin vanillaare mixtures in which the compound vanillin is a major component. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 1183, Vanillin. It is acceptable at widely different levels of concentration, and while 50 to 1000 ppm is quite normal levels in the above types of product (finished products) concentration up to 20,000 ppm (one part in fifty parts of finished goods) are also used for direct consumption (toppings, icings, etc.). /MediaBox [0 0 595.3200073242 841.9199829102] ." [42] In 1970, more than half the world's vanillin production was used in the synthesis of other chemicals. /Parent 2 0 R 2016-10-25T15:33:14+02:00 x-unknown A,DjW0`yTWu VLRD2(R>g_dL3Q{y&5-. In the present work, the solubility of vanillin in water was observed as 1.23 103 at T = 298 K. [10], By the late 19th century, semisynthetic vanillin derived from the eugenol found in clove oil was commercially available. But the disadvantage is that the production of vanillin is always low with these techniques. All forms of vanillin are used as a flavoring agent and sweetener in many types of foods, including candies, dessert products, ice creams, puddings, yogurts, diet shakes, and soft drinks. Vanilla is obtained naturally from the seed pod of the tropical Known reactions include respiratory irritation, including coughing and shortness of breath, and gastrointestinal tract irritation. /Group 31 0 R The infrared spectrum of vanillin shows a -C=O stretch for aromatic aldehyde and an aromatic -C-O stretch for an ether which are unique fingerprint regions for vanillin. Vanillin was commercially produced from eugenol until the 1920s. What is the difference between vanillin and ethyl vanillin? The process goes via iso-Safrole and iso-Eugenol to Vanillin. Because of the scarcity and expense of natural vanilla extract, synthetic preparation of its predominant component has long been of interest. The solubility of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents namely water, ethanol, ethylene glycol (EG), ethyl acetate (EA), isopropanol (IPA), propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400), Transcutol, butanol-1 and butanol-2 was measured and correlated at T=(298318)K. The resulting experimental data were correlated with the modified Apelblat and Vant Hoff models. 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R] [9] Tiemann and Haarmann founded a company Haarmann and Reimer (now part of Symrise) and started the first industrial production of vanillin using their process in Holzminden, Germany. Vanillin also has properties like antioxidants and anti-tumor. stream [5][6] Traces of vanillin were also found in wine jars in Jerusalem, which were used by the Judahite elite before the city was destroyed in 586 BCE. The method usually goes via iso-Eugenol, Acetyl iso-eugenol. The ice cream and chocolate industries together comprise 75% of the market for vanillin as a flavoring, with smaller amounts being used in confections and baked goods.[41]. Several biosynthetic routes have been proposed for the biosynthesis of natural vanillin. The standard Rf value of vanillin from literature is 0.35+/- 0.3. /Contents 39 0 R The method used was tiresome but produces vanillin in good yield. Either of these compounds is then treated with acetic anhydride ((CH3CO)2O) to obtain vanillin acetate, which is then converted to pure vanillin. << . Dopamine is given to the patient in the form of Levodopa because dopamine is not able to cross blood brain barrier.18, L-Methyldopa is used in the treatment of the hypertension and has a vasodilator effect.18, Trimethoprim is an antibiotic comes under the class of chemotherapeutic agents and it is mainly used in the treatment of the urinary tract infections.18, Karran and Durant carried out studies that prove that vanillin has Anticarcinogenic effects. /MediaBox [0 0 595.2750244141 841.8889770508] Vanillin has been investigated as a freely soluble bioactive compound in Carbitol (mole fraction solubility: 2.38 101) and soluble bioactive compound in water (mole fraction solubility: 1.23 10 3) at temperature T = 298.15 K ( Noubigh et al., 2008, Shakeel et al., 2015a ). s` This method can be used as an alternative to conventional curing. "Food Guide Question." 12 0 obj << These symptoms are virtually unknown except for individuals who work directly with the pure compounds. The flowers have to be pollinated within 24 hours to bear fruits. Its origin is from the subtropical forests of Mexico and Central America. Certain perfume types may have exceptionally high proportions ofVanillin (5 to 8 10) and such perfumes can rarely be used in white functional products (creams, hand lotions, etc. Specific gravity of vanillin is reported to be 1056 kg/m3 at 200C. Vanillin is soluble in water and its solubility increases with increasing temperature. Its solubility in water at 25C was reported to be 10g/L. Vanillin was reported to be readily soluble in alcohol (ethanol). << Vanilla can also be extracted from plants other than Vanilla planifolia, such as potato peels and pine tree sap. HCT then exchanges the shikimate/quinate for CoA to create caffeoyl CoA, and 4CL removes CoA to afford caffeic acid. The Rf value of protocatechualdehyde was calculated to be 0.88 which nearly matches with the standard of 0.90. In flavor compositions, Vanillin is used widely as a sweetener, not only in Vanilla imitation flavor but in Butter, Chocolate, all types of fruit and tutti-frutti flavors, root- beer, Cream-soda etc. Also the melting points of the obtained product and of vanillin cited from the literatures are similar. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. This leaves behind a complex mixture, a major component of which is vanilla. These groups, called urethane, are produced th, OVERVIEW Ternary phase diagram for the vanillin (1)water (2)ethanol (3) system predicted by COMSOtherm, assuming liquid vanillin. WebWhen vanillin is released into water, it exists in the ionized form at environmental pH, and is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediments in water. << Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy, for the dissolution, mixing and solvation processes, were computed using the vant Hoff and Gibbs equations. /Resources 41 0 R Vanilla: A Cultural History of the World's Most Popular Flavor and Fragrance. It is an organic aromatic compound which contains three functional groups (aldehyde, phenol and ether). 2 -the solubility ranges from ~1 g/100 ml water at 20C to ~5 g/100 The cured pods are then soaked in alcohol to produce a product known as pure vanilla extract. . xY6}V@_!y[$a)%_gz*8$vYR]T:U@2}_^_N]OO~)%R-C?~z83.bw>(vD|d /C4q& i38w) D68%~&L^sj22N&Y+ /Tabs /S Informations are sourced from Perfume and Flavor Chemicals - S Arctander. Today, approximately 15% of the world's production of vanillin is still made from lignin wastes,[13] while approximately 85% synthesized in a two-step process from the petrochemical precursors guaiacol and glyoxylic acid.[14][15]. The solubility of vanillin in water has been reported as 1.17 103 at T = 298 K (Noubigh et al., 2008). 75% of vanillin produced is used in these two chocolate and ice-cream industries and rest of 25% is used in confectionaries and baking industry.18 Also vanillin has been found to preserve food as it is an antioxidant and antibacterial properties. /Tabs /S In this route Zenk described that firstly - oxidation of ferulic acid leads to formation of vanilloyl-CoA which was then reduced to vanillin or alternatively can be deacylated to vanillic acid. /CropBox [0 0 595.3200073242 841.9199829102] Chemicals used: catechol, aluminium oxide, glyoxylic acid, sodium hydroxide solutions, ethyl acetate, copper chloride dihydrate, dichloro methane, diethyl ether, chloroform, methanol, hydrochloric acid and sodium sulphate. The melting point of obtained product is 83-85 0C, which matches with the standard melting point (81-840C) of vanillin in literatures. /Parent 2 0 R ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Solubility and thermodynamic function of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.102. 22 0 obj The results of analysis of protocatechualdehyde nearly match with the standards. [12] However, subsequent developments in the wood pulp industry have made its lignin wastes less attractive as a raw material for vanillin synthesis. Apache FOP Version 1.1 Formaldehyde (for-MAL-duh-hide) is a colorless, flammable gas with a strong, pungent odor that tends to polymerize readily. InChI=1S/C8H8O3/c1-11-8-4-6(5-9)2-3-7(8)10/h2-5,8H,1H3, InChI=1/C8H8O3/c1-11-8-4-6(5-9)2-3-7(8)10/h2-5,10H,1H3, Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, Srpskohrvatski / , "Vanilla Production: Technological, Chemical, and Biosynthetic Aspects", "Recherches sur le principe odorant de la vanille", "Vanillin: Synthetic Flavoring from Spent Sulfite Liquor", "Ueber eine neue Bildungsweise aromatischer Aldehyde", "Fine Chemicals Firms Enable Flavor And Fragrance Industry", "Ueber das Coniferin und seine Umwandlung in das aromatische Princip der Vanille", "First evidence for vanillin in the old world: Its use as mortuary offering in Middle Bronze Canaan", "Amir A, Finkelstein I, Shalev Y, Uziel J, Chalaf O, Freud L, et al. /Resources 32 0 R WebSolubility of vanillin in water as reported in the literature. Vanillin was reported to be readily /Pages 2 0 R /CreationDate (D:20161025153314+02'00') It is an inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase. /Tabs /S Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. 2 -the solubility ranges from ~1 g/100 ml water at 20C to ~5 g/100 ml water at 80C). The solubility of CS decreases in a neutral medium, and CS combines into larger particles (Hu et al., 2005); thus, the formed emulsion has a larger particle size. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. The use of the word Vanilla is more or less forced, and not very descriptive since today so many people are living without ever seeing or smelling a Vanilla bean (pod). endobj Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is an important flavoring agent mostly used in beverages, pharmaceutical industries, food products, etc. endobj The Remier-Tiemann reaction is also used to produce another form of vanillin called ethyl vanillin. Synthetic vanillin is now used more often than natural vanilla extract as a flavoring in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. However, a 2014 study using radiolabelled precursor indicated that p-hydroxybenzaldehyde do not synthesise vanillin or vanillin glucoside in the vanilla orchids. Any scientific information contained within this essay should not be treated as fact, this content is to be used for educational purposes only and may contain factual inaccuracies or be out of date. WebCrystallization of vanillin from kraft lignin oxidation. After this step, the beans are stored in closed containers to reach their highest flavour content and then their conditioning is done either by hot water treatment or by sun drying.5, 2) Process of curing and drying together requires 4-5 months. [46], Scolytus multistriatus, one of the vectors of the Dutch elm disease, uses vanillin as a signal to find a host tree during oviposition.[49]. /Group 58 0 R The aqueous solution was further acidified to pH 1-2 by 2 ml of concentrated HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate to obtained mandelic acid derivatives.25, 2g of 3, 4-dihydroxymandelic acid was dissolved in 140ml of ethyl acetate and separately 11.11g of Cucl2.2H2O was dissolved in 30 ml of water.