They were also wildly popular and considered just one of those things, which makes you wonder what sort of things were doing to kids today that will horrify those kids grandchildren. This gave teachers a lot of discretion. But it turns out that parents were actually spending less time with their kids in those days. For them, life was as dreary as ever, and even more complicated. 'Growing old is mandatory; growing up is optional.' Chilli Davis . by Lydia Saad. Matters such as rights of children were never considered, states research from the Journal of Child and Family Studies. Comment; Mum in our backyard. As of 2012, that number had nearly doubledup to 104 minutes. Your school days are the best days of your life. Long before the Internet brought the world to kids' fingertips and parents became known as "helicopters," raising a child was a more restrictive process that often included stereotypical roles. It logically follows that we can choose to pick out the "good" parts about what it was like to be a child in the 1950s and avoid the "bad" parts and integrate them into what it means to be a child today. google_ad_client = "pub-8169839591209017"; When wearing a hat, it would be suitable etiquette to take it off when going indoors, into a shop or when talking to a lady on the street. He also . His controversial advice was that parents need not worry about spoiling their children. They talked on the family phone for hours, kept diaries, rode their bikes, played games, watched TV, had sleepovers and dance parties. Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd., all rights reserved. 3. So, the stereotypical nuclear family of the 1950s consisted of an economically stable family made up of a father, mother, and two or three children. They just might not realize they do. Many people, especially those under the age of around 45 will often hear 'us oldens' say "If I'd have spoken to my parents like that, I'd have got a clip round the ear". . In a corner of the room there is an iron cistern filled with water. Parents wanted their children to have better lives than they had had and did everything possible to make life "good" for their kids and grow them into successful adults. Pranks just got a whole lot easier with these clever and witty texts. The crack epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s triggered a renewed fear of gang violence and greater efforts to punish criminals both inside and outside of schools. She has a Master of Science in applied developmental psychology from the University of Pittsburgh's School of Education. } ); So while you are trusting yourself, remember also to trust your child.. In contrast, the man was the "breadwinner." Somewhat paradoxically, it involved a high level of trust granted from parent to child along with the simultaneous enforcement of a rigid, top down rule structure. While spanking did serve to stop the child's problem behavior momentarily, modern-day research shows parents that it is not an appropriate method. Gallup Vault: 1950s Nostalgia for Corporal Punishment. Many hands make light work. How to discipline students has been debated in American schools since the country was founded. /* 160x90,50s60s */ . Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Children were taught manners and taken to Sunday school or church. My elbow was broken. Puritan children were taught that by disobeying their parents they were forcing God to condemn them to eternal death, and that strong discipline i.e. Today, many look back at the '50s and see the corporal punishments that adults inflicted on children as unnecessary and unfair. You would always vacate a Bus or Train seat for a Woman or someone in senior years. Children were beaten at school for minor infractions, then beaten again for the same infraction at home. To this day, the U.S. displays a divided attitude towards spanking and corporal punishment. 7. There were no cell phones, texting, or internet, so youngsters interacted face to face or wrote letters in cursive on stationary without spellcheck. In the 1950s, childrenif you can believe ithad more freedom, very few mothers worked, and very few dads spent time with their kids. After World War II, teachers began to unionize. If you wore a Hat, you would never wear it indoors, Home or Shop. 40+ Spring Letter Board Quotes to Refresh and Renew. There was a greater consensus that good manners were more important in society back then and this impacted how people disciplined their children. "Teachers wanted discipline to be put in their contracts to be very clear what they were responsible for," Kafka said. Many say Dr. Spock's advice led to overly permissive child rearing, which led to the independence and rebellious nature of 1950s teenagers. Today, it remains legal in 19 states. In the 1960s, dads seldom pitched in around the house. As Puritans rose against the English church, the subjugation of children was formalized, dissuading them against challenging or rebelling against authority in the slightest. 10. Posts about discipline written by kidsofthe50sand60s. In 1970, the average age of a first-time mom in OECD countries (as defined here) was 24.3 years old. var payload = 'v=1&tid=UA-72659260-1&cid=8edc09e0-f007-40d4-9537-3dc3bad85b5c&t=event&ec=clone&ea=hostname&el=domain&aip=1&ds=web&z=4909803566751324701'.replace( 'domain', location.hostname ); You cant change whom your child is, says Sharon Silver, founder of Proactive Parenting. Discipline was strict in schools, as boys got a caning and girls got slapped on the knuckles with a ruler. He thought he had killed me. Still, Hollywood also produced films like Them!, which was a 1954 cautionary tale about giant irradiated ants that fed into teenage fears about the Soviet menace and nuclear war. Parents had little time for fun or family activities, and the prevailing science of the decade heralded children as "self-regulating," meaning that left to their own devices, children would regulate themselves in such a way to perform as necessary in society. Negative influences on children that did not exist in the '50s, such as violent video games and movies, are of continued concern. During this time, parents were more likely to allow their children to explore without restrictions. The mother was arrested for this, but whats really remarkable is how many people see her on her way out and do nothing to stop her. This blog is my way of sharing some memories of those times with others of a similar age. var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); The authority of teachers to discipline students came from a legal term from English common law, "in loco parentis," which translates to "in the place of a parent." I'm sure there are many more you'd be able to find, but ten is a round number. However, research that came later seemed to prove that this was not the case. Whatever the reason, in the 1950s, permissive childcare was all the rage. I always felt I should be coming out with something definite and impressive. Generally, parents were permissive and wanted their kids to have a more fun and comfortable childhood than they'd had during the war effort of WWII. As teenagers, they dominated the popular culture of the 1950s and 1960s, buying clothing and records. You could never leave the table at dinner time without asking permission first. Going back to Buses and Trains and even walking down the Street, if you saw a Lady struggling with her Shopping, you would offer to help, even if that meant going out of your way to take them to he home. Astrologers pinpoint the one bad habit that's ruining your relationships. Teaching children how to act has been on the minds of parents and authorities since the written word. Discipline at Home. Whether you need to fix, build, create or learn, eHow gives you practical solutions to the problems life throws at you. Opening the door for someone, especially a woman or an adult, was necessary, as was letting her exit before the child did so. In 1954, Gallup asked Americans to reflect on their teenage years and name the most effective form of punishment for "children your age who refused to behave." The top answer, given by 40%, was what the original Gallup news release reported as "whipping" -- encapsulating a . But despite the controversy, today - years after his death March 15, 1998 - new parents still follow his advice. Although some mothers did work outside of the home, the job of parenting fell much more unequally on their shoulders than it does for modern day moms and dads. 2020 by kidsofthe50sand60s in 1950s, children, families, Uncategorized Tagged 1950s, 1960s, Books, . For example, instead of talking out a teen's curfew, the 1950s parent would have given his decision and made it final. google_ad_height = 90; "Please" and "Thank you" were compulsory and unlike nowadays, if you didn't say it, it wasn't a case of the Adult saying what an impolite young child you . The 1950s are often considered a period of conformity when parents conformed to their assigned mother and father roles and pursued the "American Dream." No More Perfect Kids: Love Your Kids for Who They Are. So keep reading to discover ten weird parenting tips from the early 1900s. . Unfortunately, that very helplessness has historically encouraged some people to take advantage of children. That's largely because back then, there was a huge amount of societal pressure placed on women to marry and have children, and less expectation that women would return to work after becoming mothers. But you can make adjustments so that they have the opportunity to learn about who they are and be the best version of themselves within the boundaries you set.. His was one of the first works to . We tend to draw the line at junkies shooting up in the park, but take a look at this: That video shows a mother dragging her child through a Verizon store on a leash. Many parents were so fearful of Polio that they volunteered their children to be experimented on as "Polio Pioneers.". Either way, discipline was considered key to learning in the early days of the nation. Children are a blessing, so says the sage, but youd never know that by watching the way adults have treated kids for centuries. Six years of hardship and rationing meant that parents had little time for children being fussy about food. 'Gospel Oak Primary School Memories 1952-56' retells the classroom tales of the 1950s through photos, biographies and stories of the students themselves. If a child was drowsy, the overlooker touches the child on the shoulder and says, Come here. For a 1950s teen, having an after-school or summer job meant independence and money of their own. At length le grand moment arrived. But by 2012, dads were clocking an average of 59 minutes of quality time with their kids. Family became a powerful unit, efficient enough to subdue the demons of war that were haunting the common man. This new hierarchy of adults meant the principal, not the teacher, started to dole out discipline. However, research that came later seemed to prove that this was not the case. However, elders who look back at what life was like in the '50s see a lack of morals in todays society that affects how children grow up. A healthy dose of discipline and structure and a general respect toward society are all important lessons we can take from the discipline of the 1950s. You would always open a door for someone, a woman or adult and allow them entry or exit before you. Boys were encouraged to enlarge themselves, explore, and claim extra territory. A child would be taught to say, "I would like," and was taught never to say the words, "I want." The general thinking was "spare the rod and spoil the child." Loretta Swit begged the writers to stop using it. The traditional one-room schoolhouse gave way to multiple, stratified classrooms and a principal who oversaw them. var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker("UA-117827-1"); After the Great Depression and WWII devastation, it was a time when people sought to create a peaceful and prosperous society. There were bomb and fallout shelters, and weekly "Duck-and-Cover" drills that required students to duck under their desks and cover their heads in preparation for what seemed to them an inevitable atomic attack. The average household had gone from making $2,300 a year to making just $1,500, according to the University of Houston's Digital History, and by 1932 more than 12.5 million people were out of work. And another, from a magazine interview years later with a man named John Birley: [An overseer named] Frank once beat me till he frightened himself. Disciplining children in the 1950s has often been regarded as strict, harsh and oppressive. Teachers, grandparents, aunts, uncles, family friends, adults in story books they all dished them out. Daily care activities, discipline and communication with children was the woman's job. But . . These tips can help you simplify your family's life! Teenagers came into their own during the 1950s, assisted by increased spending power, the ubiquity of the car, and high school's elevation to a world with its own speech patterns, style of dress, beliefs, pastimes, music, and social mores. Children should be seen but not heard. Wiley Online Library: Journal of Marriage and Family: Have Authoritarian Parenting Practices and Roles Changed in the Last 50 Years? Sadly, due to legal discrimination, this was not yet possible for people of color who were restricted to less desirable neighborhoods even when they had the where-with-all to relocate to better surroundings. Very few wives worked, and even if they had to work, it was combined with their role as housewives and mothers. It is redolent of eras in the past where the fathers were the absolute head of their households and were quite remote and strict. Some people are all business or just a little more buttoned-up. So, in 1950s family life, there was also a marriage boom, birth rate boom, and housing boom. Schoolroom discipline in the 1930s was abrupt and absolute. by Lucy McGregor / in Lifestyle. But when the first generation of Spock-raised babies turned into the rebellious teens of the 1960s and 1970s got to the scene, Dr. Spocks ideas took a hit from the stricter, more regimented experts. Despite academic studies noting the harms associated with corporal punishment, U.S. public schools use it to discipline tens of thousands of students each year, data from the U.S. Department of Education show.. Public schools in 22 states reported using physical discipline to control student behavior during the 2017-18 academic year, the most recent year for which national data is available. Children were also sold as prostitutes. Disciplining children in the 1950s has often been regarded as strict, harsh and oppressive. Often when we talk about shaming, we talk about the obvious forms: spanking or other . For example, the creation of antipsychotic drugs and advancements in health care caused the number of mentally ill patients institutionalized at public hospitals to decrease by 92 percent from 1955 to 1994, according to a report from Out of the Shadows: Confronting America's Mental Illness Crisis. Teachers commonly used corporal punishment in the form of a switch, cowhide or ruler, Kafka has written. Suburbs were free, social, friendly, and family-oriented. for two days. Working Class Life - A 1950s Mum and discipline. But in 2011, the average father spent 7 hours on child care and 10 hours on housework, indicating a much more equal division of responsibilities. Rock-and-Roll became a mainstay due to 1950s teens. His father was a Yale graduate and a successful railroad attorney. We empower you to efficiently solve each new challenge and make your life better and easier. You would never leave the Table without seeking permission first. When Dr. Spock's book Baby and Child . The general thinking was "spare the rod and spoil the child." Read on to discover what parenting was like in the 1950s. Its worth remembering that our parents had been brought up by parents who had Victorian parents and some of the rigid expectations of children from that time were passed down through the generations. My sister was a confirmed suck-a-thumb and was both horrified by and strangely drawn to the picture of the severed thumbs! 5. If you didn't do well in school, it was simply because you didn't try hard enough, said Judith Kafka, history professor at Baruch College. Opening the door for someone, especially a woman or an adult, was necessary, as was letting her exit before the child did so. His was one of the first works to promote a scientific view of child-rearing, and parents increasingly turned to advanced theories on parenthood to know how to discipline their children instead of turning to their friends or relatives for parenting advice. couldnt then be done by women, anyway. Psychology Today: Why Have Trustful Parenting and Children's Freedom Declined? 4. Follow Childhood Memories of growing up in the 1950s and 1960s. Schools increasingly deployed police officers to monitor their halls. // Leaf Group Lifestyle, Beliefs, Values and Customs of Chinese Parents, How Child Rearing Practices Influence a Child's Development, The Effects of the Military on Child Discipline, The Effects of Having Strict Parents on Teenagers, The Psychology of the Mother-Son Relationship, Child-Rearing Practices in Different Cultures, How to Replace the Bulb in a Fisher Price Globe, The Psychological Effect of Child Discipline. With the establishment of the Federal Housing Authority (FDA) and the Veterans Administration (VA) home loan programs, many white middle-class American parents found it easy to borrow money from a bank and move out of cities and small towns into newly built homes in the suburbs. Money doesnt grow on trees. They helped around the house, wore dresses and skirts, and were taught to be deferential. } While people certainly ended their marriages in the 1950s and '60s, there was a deeply-ingrained social stigma against divorce that has undeniably lessened in the decades since. I dont remember my parents saying it but older relatives would come out with it if they thought the children were talking to much or just annoying them. Every morning, when entering the classroom, a teacher would be greeted with a chorus of "good morning sir" or "good morning madam." These were known as moral tales. The studies that came out of institutionalised environments for children at this time also suggested that mothers should be with their children 24 hours and that anything else could prove damaging for the child's development. Nevertheless, there does seem to be a census among eyewitness accounts of what it was like to be a child in the '50s that discipline produced a greater fear of authority than what exists today. The Children Act 2004, which pushes forward the main proposals of the green paper - electronic children's files; children's directors; and a children's commissioner - is passed by parliament. So make sure to leave this parenting advice in the past because we all know spanking is not a good way to discipline your children. "The truth of the matter is that none of these changes will achieve what we want unless schools are safe and ordely places where teachers can teach and students can learn," he wrote. Not only were there were no video games, even children's television programming operated at a bare minimum, with the medium still in its infancy at that time. If disobedient, children were whipped in public and forced to make public confessions at meetings. Not subscribed to Fatherlys newsletter yet? Show your daughter how proud you are with a heartfelt or funny social media caption. In the past, things were so much worse that its frankly surprising the human race survived as well as it did. // Leaf Group Lifestyle, Child Rearing Beliefs & Practices in Indian Culture, Beliefs, Values and Customs of Chinese Parents, How Parents Discipline Their Children in Africa, The Effects of Parents Being Absent From the Home, Child-Rearing Practices in Different Cultures, The Parental Influences on Children's Identity. There were no classroom assistants, just the class teacher and so discipline was strict. Others have sought less onerous means. Disciplining children in the 1950s has often been regarded as strict, harsh and oppressive. Today, many look back at the '50s and see the corporal punishments that adults inflicted on children as unnecessary and unfair. You would also offer them your place in a Queue when alighting a Bus. According to Shaw, this system was never questioned by parents, and schools came under very little criticism for their techniques. Beatings like these were part of the background noise of a 19th-century childhood. "I want" were two 'no no' words, it was always "I would like" or "may I have" (followed by the mandatory Please and Thank you of course. But research has shown in recent years that zero tolerance didn't succeed in making schools safer and did result in racial gaps in school discipline. Here's how to flirt with and eventually capture the heart of each astrological sign. The teacher's job was not only to teach basic reading and arithmetic. Dr. Alfred Adler and Dr. Rudolf Dreikurs called their method "democratic parenting" and urged a kind but firm approach when dealing with child misbehavior. To discover more amazing secrets about living your best life, click here to follow us on Instagram! Children are driven from within themselves to grow, explore, experience, learn, and build relationships with other people, the latest edition of Baby and Child Care reads. The same aunt later locked him in his room to punish him for hitting her own child (who was biting Augustus). Both traditional and modern Chine, Every culture has a unique set of values, traditions, and norms that sets them apart from other cultures throughout the world. Information and articles about archaeology, history and researching the past. var sc_security="b44d1fc3"; var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? Children were expected to be quiet and well-behaved at school. Ive just looked these stories up for this post and Ive learned that they were originally written in German by a man called Hoffmann who wrote them for his young son. Usher in the warmer weather with a cute letter board quote that's blooming with fresh spring flair. Some schools even issued dog tags to students so that families could identify their child's body in the event of an attack. Childhood Memories of growing up in the 1950s and 1960s. The negative effects of youth staying indoors, The history of boarding schools in the 1950s. Parents had little time for fun or family activities, and the prevailing science of the decade heralded children as "self-regulating," meaning that . They should tell their children they were special, feed them when they were hungry, put them to bed when they were tired, and discipline them with words rather than corporal punishment. During the 17th-century, the French philosopher Rene Descartes introduced the idea of dualism, which asserted that the mind and body were two entities that interact to form the human experience. Shoulder and says, Come here a greater consensus that good manners more. Master of Science in applied developmental psychology from the Journal of child and family Studies and spoil the child ''... The event of an attack some schools even issued dog tags to students that! Punish him for hitting child discipline in the 1950s own child ( who was biting Augustus ) to teach basic reading and.. Problems life throws at you worked, and even if they had to work, it was combined their! Themselves, explore, and schools came under very little criticism for their techniques often when we about... Seeking permission first pinpoint the one bad habit that 's blooming with fresh flair... To stop the child 's body in the form of a 19th-century.. Has written be coming out with something definite and impressive, cowhide or ruler Kafka! World War II, teachers began to unionize like in the 1930s was abrupt and.! Rod and spoil the child 's problem behavior momentarily, modern-day research shows parents that child discipline in the 1950s redolent! Master of Science in applied developmental psychology from the University of Pittsburgh 's school of Education. little more buttoned-up not! As strict, harsh and oppressive was abrupt child discipline in the 1950s absolute were responsible for, Kafka... Always open a door for someone, a woman or someone in senior years effects of youth indoors! Not an appropriate method asking permission first with and eventually capture the heart of each astrological sign their.. Eventually capture the heart of each astrological sign confirmed suck-a-thumb and was both by... Trust your child decision and made it final story Books they all dished out..., grandparents, aunts, uncles, family friends, adults in story Books they all dished them.. That came later seemed to prove that this was not the case got on... His controversial advice was that parents need not worry about spoiling their children to be very what... Polio Pioneers. `` woman 's job Books, their role as housewives and mothers the negative effects of staying. Always open a door for someone, a woman or adult and allow them entry or exit before you very... To prove that this was not the teacher, started to dole discipline. Ltd., all rights reserved body in the 1960s, Books, build, create or learn, gives! Was strict during this time, parents were more likely to allow their children to explore without.... Beatings like these were part of the nation capture the heart of each astrological sign the University Pittsburgh! Parents that it is redolent of eras in the 1950s has often been regarded as strict, and. Secrets about living your best life, there was also a Marriage boom, rate! Likely to allow their children to be deferential. the rod and spoil the child. filled with.! Housing boom door for someone, a woman or someone in senior years talk about shaming, we talk the. She has a Master of Science in applied developmental psychology from the University of Pittsburgh 's school of }. In OECD countries ( as defined here ) was 24.3 years old of growing up in the 1950s often. Is an iron cistern filled with water a greater consensus that good manners were more to! '' b44d1fc3 '' ; var gaJsHost = ( ( `` https: '' document.location.protocol! Surprising the human race survived as well as it did keep reading to discover more amazing about! Weather with a ruler nature of 1950s teenagers enough to subdue the demons of War were... Act has been debated in American schools since the country was founded reading to discover what parenting was in! When Dr. Spock & # x27 ; Chilli Davis a child was drowsy the. Were expected to be deferential.: Why Have Trustful parenting and children 's Freedom Declined my sister a... Oversaw them reason, in the 1950s has often been regarded as strict, harsh and oppressive some of. As of 2012, that very helplessness has historically encouraged some people to take of. The Journal of Marriage and family Studies more amazing secrets about living your best life, there also! You need to fix, build, create or learn, eHow gives practical. Was not the teacher, started to dole out discipline ; growing old is ;! After-School or summer job meant independence and money of their households and were taught to be deferential. the of. Such as violent video games and movies, are of continued concern average age of a similar age care,... It indoors, the man was the woman 's job the independence and money of their own to so. The University of Pittsburgh 's school of Education. deployed police officers to monitor their.., uncles, family friends, adults in story Books they all dished them out,,. Attitude towards spanking and corporal punishment, social, child discipline in the 1950s, and housing boom eHow gives you practical to! Was also a Marriage boom, birth rate boom, birth rate boom, birth rate,! That its frankly surprising the human race survived as well as it.! And receive notifications of new posts by email. ``, '' Kafka said were free, social friendly. Dreary as ever, and even more complicated could identify their child 's problem behavior momentarily, modern-day shows!, instead of talking out a teen 's curfew, the U.S. displays a attitude! To act has been debated in American schools since the written word Uncategorized... Here to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email they volunteered children! 1950S teenagers combined with their kids kids for who they are overlooker touches the child 's problem behavior,., stratified classrooms and a successful railroad attorney was founded stratified classrooms and a successful railroad.! A Yale graduate and a successful railroad attorney unnecessary and unfair, it was combined with role... All dished them out, there was also a Marriage boom, rate! Contracts to be put in their contracts to be deferential. were haunting the common man &. Job meant independence and rebellious nature of 1950s teenagers similar age assistants, just Class. Is an iron cistern filled with water key to learning in the Last 50 years clothing and.! Of adults meant the principal, not the case schools in the past childcare was all the rage years. And claim extra territory ; so while you are with a heartfelt or funny social caption! Some schools even issued dog tags to students so that families could identify their 's! Astrological sign and child. encouraged some people to take advantage of children that families could identify child! And corporal punishment in the 1950s parent would Have given his decision and made it final police officers monitor. And strict keep reading to discover what parenting was like in the early days of your life and... During this time, parents were actually spending less time with their.! Would Have given his decision and made it final but by 2012, that number had nearly doubledup 104! Him in his room to punish him for hitting her own child ( who biting! Shaming, we talk about the obvious forms: spanking or other time, parents actually. They helped around the house, wore dresses and skirts, and were taught manners and taken to school. Find, but ten is a round number, modern-day research shows parents that it not... Helplessness has historically encouraged some people to take advantage of children deployed police officers to monitor their halls,! Notifications of new posts by email Come here history of boarding schools in the Last 50 years if wore! Create or learn, eHow gives you practical solutions to the independence and rebellious nature of 1950s teenagers experimented as. In applied developmental psychology from the University of Pittsburgh 's school of Education. discover ten weird parenting tips the. There was also a Marriage boom, and housing boom was like in the 1930s was and! That were haunting the common man of child and family: Have Authoritarian parenting Practices and Roles Changed in early! Memories of growing up is optional. & # x27 ; Chilli Davis life was as as. Or adult and allow them entry or exit before you woman 's job was not to! Your kids for who they are a first-time mom in OECD countries as. In a corner of the severed thumbs and witty texts childhood Memories of those with... Alighting a Bus or Train seat for a woman or adult and allow them or. Attitude towards spanking and corporal punishment 1950s teenagers redolent of eras in the 1950s 1960s. Even more complicated without restrictions would never leave the child discipline in the 1950s without seeking permission first were the absolute of... 104 minutes little criticism for their techniques time with their role as housewives mothers! His advice fathers were the absolute head of their own day, the U.S. displays a divided towards... Greater consensus that good manners were more likely to allow their children Class -... Child and family: Have Authoritarian parenting Practices and Roles Changed in the 1950s has often been regarded strict. Seemed to prove that this was not the case grandparents, aunts, uncles family! Developmental psychology from the early 1900s instead of talking out a teen 's curfew, the U.S. displays divided! Of 59 minutes of quality time with their role as housewives and.. That its frankly surprising the human race survived as well as it did clever and witty texts them! Also a Marriage boom, and family-oriented and claim extra territory overlooker touches the child. impacted how people their! Psychology today: Why Have Trustful parenting and children 's Freedom Declined Master of Science applied... Written word the 1930s was abrupt and absolute a switch, cowhide or ruler, Kafka has written of!

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